UNIT 10

Articles presentation 2 from hacersivil


Possessive Adjectives versus Possessive Pronouns

A possessive adjective is an adjective that is used to show ownership. It comes before a noun in the sentence and lets us know to whom the noun belongs. While many cases of ownership are shown with possessive nouns (Karen's, children's), these possessive adjectives are not nouns and are not formed by adding an apostrophe + s.

The following words are possessive adjectives:

my    your    his    her    its    our    their

Do not confuse these possessive adjectives with possessive pronouns. A possessive pronoun does show ownership, but it does not come before a noun or in a noun phrase. It stands alone. It can also be used to replace a noun.

Here is a list of the possessive pronouns:

mine    yours    his    hers    its

A possessive adjective is an adjective that is used to show ownership. It comes before a noun in the sentence and lets us know to whom the noun belongs. While many cases of ownership are shown with possessive nouns (Karen's, children's), these possessive adjectives are not nouns and are not formed by adding an apostrophe + s.

ours theirs

Remember, possessive pronouns are used to replace the noun. Possessive adjectives are used to describe the noun.

Notice that some forms of the possessive adjective and possessive pronoun are the same (his, its). So, you have to look at how they are used in the sentence.

Examples of Possessive Adjectives versus Possessive Pronouns:

Examples of possessive adjectives in a sentence:

1) My book is on the table.

2) I think you forgot your purse.

3) The dog buried its bone.

4) The girls missed their bus.

5) Joey left his bat at home.

Examples of possessive pronouns in a sentence:

1) The chair next to the window is his. (Notice you can replace the noun: "His" is next to the window.)

2) The house on the corner is ours. (Ours is on the corner.)

3) I think the chocolate cookies at the party were hers. (Hers were at the party).

4) The phone that is ringing is yours. (Yours is ringing.)

5) The zebra-stripped bookbag is mine. (Mine is the zebra-stripped bookbag.)

All and Every

All: ıt can be used in different ways

1- all + noun

I like all kinds of music.

2- all + of + noun

I invited all of the students.

3- all + adj / adv / prp

I'm all wet.

Tell me all about your holiday.

4- pronoun + all

She loves all all.

5- all + verb

My friends all love you.

Every:  It is used with a singular noun.

Every student passed the exam.

All and Every 

1- All is not used to mean everybody/everything

2- All can mean everything, but in relative clauses.

Love is all you need.

Reflexive Pronouns

When the Subject and the Object in a sentence refer to the same person or thing we use a Reflexive Pronoun.

It is the only area of English grammar that is reflexive.

Subject Pronouns	Reflexive Pronouns
I	Myself
You	Yourself
He	Himself
She	Herself
It	Itself
We	Ourselves
You (pl)	Yourselves
They	Themselves

If you are using YOU in the plural, the reflexive pronoun is yourselves.

Examples of sentences using reflexive pronouns:

• My daughter likes to dress herself without my help.
• I taught myself to play the guitar.
• My cat always licks itself.

When to use reflexive pronouns

1. When the subject and the object refer to the same person or thing.

• He accidentally cut himself while he was chopping the vegetables.
• She bought a present for herself.
• We helped ourselves to the free drinks at the launch party.
• They injured themselves during the rugby match.
• I enjoyed myself at the concert.
• The dog is scratching itself – it must have fleas!

2. We use them for emphasis.

• The author signed the book for me herself!
• I did it myself.

3. In some cases we use it to have a similar meaning to also.

• Annabelle was pretty happy last night. I was pretty happy myself.

When NOT to use reflexive pronouns

1. There are a number of verbs in English with which we rarely or never use reflexive pronouns (as they are in other languages).

They include: adapt, complain, concentrate, get up, hide, lie down, meet, move, relax, remember, shave, shower, sit down.

2. After a preposition of place or location we use a personal pronoun and not a reflexive pronoun.

• He put the backpack next to him.

Ourselves, Themselves and Each Other

1. We use each other when two or more people or things perform the same action to the other.

• Our neighbors were shouting at each other all night.
• My brothers always compete with each other in sport.

2. Take note of the difference between these two sentences:

• Mark and Sarah killed themselves. (They each committed suicide).
• Mark and Sarah killed each other. (Mark killed Sarah and she killed Mark).

More about Each Other

We use the reciprocal pronoun each other when the action is between two people, and not reflexive.

• They stared into each other's eyes.
• The hate each other.

And to make the contrast clearer:

• Mike and Carol bought each other presents for Christmas
  (Mike bought a present for Carol and Carol bought a present for Mike).
is very different to
• Mike and Carol bought themselves presents for Christmas
  (Mike bought a present for himself and Carol bought a present for herself).

Reflexive Pronouns with Objects

We use verb + reflexive pronoun + object when we do something for ourselves.

• She cooked herself a quiche.
• We taught ourselves French.

We use verb + object + reflexive pronoun when we want to emphasize that another person did not do the action (or assist).

• I repaired the tire myself.
• They did the homework themselves.
• My brother spoke to his boss himself about a raise.

By + Reflexive Pronouns

We use by + myself/yourself/himself etc when we are alone or not with another person.

• Jacob went to the party by himself.
• Emma was sitting by herself.

St Pancras